0450 - Arquitectura e cosmologia /Architecture and cosmology

 

“Essa padronização também é vista nos tamanhos dos lóbulos, que correspondem a segmentos de círculos com diâmetros de 10 metros em média. (…) Esta regularidade sugere que o tamanho do lóbulo não é aleatório e obedece a um modelo ou norma de convenções de construção. Os casos de Santa Vitória e Outeiro Alto 2 podem dar uma ideia deste arquétipo.

No recinto interno de Santa Vitória o diâmetro do lóbulo à direita da entrada é compreendido pelo ângulo dos alinhamentos do centro do recinto com os solstícios de verão e inverno ao nascer do sol (Figura 5: 2), definindo um segmento de um círculo de 9 metros de diâmetro. Este tamanho é replicado pelos outros cinco lóbulos.

Em Outeiro Alto 2 observa-se a mesma situação geral (Figura 5: 3), com algumas diferenças interessantes em relação a Santa Vitória. Aqui a porta está alinhada com o solstício de inverno e, enquanto em Santa Vitória [orientada ao solstício de Verão] está na curva interior feita pela junção de dois lóbulos, no Outeiro Alto 2 está na curva do lóbulo. Porém, o tamanho dos lóbulos é também compreendido pelo ângulo formado pelo eixo dos solstícios, definindo segmentos de círculos com 11 metros de diâmetro e mantendo uma proporcionalidade em relação a Santa Vitória, vista na relação entre os tamanhos dos diâmetros dos recintos e dos lóbulos: Santa Vitória com diâmetro de vala de 25m tem lóbulos de 9m, o que dá um quociente de 2,78 (dividindo o diâmetro dos recintos pelo diâmetro dos lóbulos); O Outeiro Alto 2 com um diâmetro de vala de 30m tem lóbulos de 11m, proporcionando um quociente semelhante de 2,73.”

(Valera, A.C. 2020, Ephemeral and Cosmological Monumentality: the ‘strange’ ditched enclosures of Chalcolithic South Portugal).

“This patterning is also seen in the sizes of the lobules, which correspond to segments of circles with diameters of 10 meters average. (…) This regularity suggests that the lobule’s size is not random and observes a model or norm of building conventions. The cases of Santa Vitória and Outeiro Alto 2 may provide an insight to this archetypal.

In the inner enclosure of Santa Vitória the diameter of the lobule at the right of the entrance is comprised by the angle of the alignments from the centre of the enclosure with the summer and winter solstices at sunrise (Figure 5: 2), defining a segment of a circle of 9 meters diameter. This size is replicated by the other five lobules.

At Outeiro Alto 2 the same general situation can be observed (Figure 5: 3), with some interesting differences regarding Santa Vitória. Here the gate is aligned with the winter solstice and, while at Santa Vitória [orientated to the summer solstice] it is in the inner curve made by the junction of two lobules, at Outeiro Alto 2 is in the curve of the lobule. However, the size of the lobules is also comprised by the angle made by the axis of the solstices, defining segments of circles with 11 meters diameter and maintaining a proportionality regarding Santa Vitória, seen in the relation between the sizes of the diameters of the enclosures and of the lobules: Santa Vitória with a ditch diameter of 25m has lobules of 9m, which provides a quotient of 2,78 (dividing the enclosures diameter by the lobules diameter); Outeiro Alto 2 with a ditch dimeter of 30m has lobules of 11m, providing a similar quotient of 2,73.”

(Valera, A.C. 2020, Ephemeral and Cosmological Monumentality: the ‘strange’ ditched enclosures of Chalcolithic South Portugal).

0380 - Part of a shaman's mask?

Perdigões ditched enclosures present several evidences of social practices embedded in rituality and symbolism. This can be seen in the location of the site, in its architectonic design, it many of its contexts and in several of the recorded materials. We are now starting to deal with a specific object, recovered in a Late Neolithic context that has also other specific circumstances and materials that point to such a kid of social practices.

It is a deer pair of antlers still attached to part of the cranium that was cut. So the animal was killed and its skull cut in a specific way in order to maintain the two antlers.

It is known that these “objects” were associated to masks used in shamanic ceremonies since ancient times (some art interpretations take these practices back to Upper Paleolithic).

Depiction of an Evenki shaman wearing antler headdress (after Witsen 1785, 655).
Taken from Little et al. 2016, PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0152136 April 13, 2016

At Perdigões, some other signs of possible shamanic practices exist. But this one will be the next to be explored in a forthcoming paper.

0363 - Astronomic orientation of gates: also documented in Spain

Orientation of NE gate at Camino de las Yeseras (After Liesau 2013-2104).

The cosmological and astronomic bond of ditched enclosures architectures in Iberia was first addressed in Portugal (Valera 2008; Valera, Becker 2011, Valera 2013). In the context of that research, it was noted that several ditched enclosures present topographical locations towards East and that several of them have their gates aligned with the solstices and/or equinoxes at sunrise and/or sunset. Those are the cases of Perdigões, Santa Vitória, Outeiro Alto 2, Xancra or Bela Vista 5 (see issues in the lateral bar).

These perspectives and analysis have now also been developed for a ditched enclosure in Central Iberia. At Camino de las Yeseras a NE gate seems to be orientated to the Summer solstice at sunrise, and the sections of the ditches that define that entrance show evidences of intentional depositions interpreted as foundation rituals (Liesau et al., 2013-2014).

Something that will become more frequent, once we have access to more complete plans of enclosures and have in mind that architecture tends to be holistic

.

Bibliographic Referece:

Liesau, C.; Vega, J., Daza, A.,  Rios, P., Menduiña, R., Blasco, C. (2013-2014), Manifestaciones simbólicas en el acceso Noreste del Recinto 4 de Foso en Camino de las Yeseras (San Fernando de Henares, Madrid), SALDVIE, 13-14: 53-69. 

Valera, A.C., (2008), “Mapeando o Cosmos. Uma abordagem cognitiva aos recintos da Pré-História Recente”, Era Arqueologia, 8, Lisboa, p.112-127.

Valera, A.C. e Becker, H. (2011), “Cosmologia e recintos de fossos da Pré-História Recente: resultados da prospecção geofísica em Xancra (Cuba, Beja)”, Apontamentos de Arqueologia e Património, 7, Lisboa, NIA-ERA Arqueologia, p.23-32

Valera, António Carlos (2013), “Breve apontamento sobre a dimensão cosmogónica dos recintos de fossos da Pré-História Recente no Interior Alentejano”, Cadernos do Endovélico, Nº1, Colibri/CMA, p.51-63

0322 – Architectures of shared cosmological principals

In 2011 Era Company made an excavation of a large area of the construction of a residue treatment facility near Vila Nova de Mil Fontes, where a chalcolithic occupation was already known. There, amongst several archaeological evidences (fire places, pits, deposits of shells, post holes), a chalcolithic circular hut with a diameter of about 10 meters was discovered. It had a large entrance (4 meters wide) with a post in the middle. This large entrance was facing SW with the alignment of the entrance post and the two central posts that sustained the hut’s roof oriented at 121º, that is to say, basically to the winter solstice.

This is suggesting that the place was visited during the winter (which the main consumed mollusk, Monodonta lineata, also suggests). Ideotechnic items (such betil idols and stone vessels) were also identified, showing that ritual practices were associated to this space, reinforcing the possible symbolic meaning of the orientation of the hut, possibly used in periodically collective ceremonies where the consume of certain mollusks would be relevant).

This unusual hut, certainly unique in shell midden contexts of the Portuguese coast, shows how different architectures, like megalithic passage graves, megalithic cromlechs, ditched enclosures, and now a hut may share similar cosmological principles during the Neolithic and Chalcolithic. And it also underlines that the segmentation of the social phenomena in subsystems, with well compartmentalized scenarios and architectures, is not the best approach to these prehistoric communities.

A paper regarding the results of this work has just been delivered for publication in the proceedings of the meeting Encontro de Arqueologia do Sudoeste Peninsular.